Philippine Endangered Species - 6778 Words

PHILIPPINE Endangered Species of Animals Plants As the worlds second largest archipelago with more than 7,100 islands, scientists dub the Philippines one of the worlds biologically richest countries. But with the continued exploitation of its natural resources, the country is also a biodiversity hotspot, or the richest and most threatened reservoirs of plant and animal life on Earth. Endemic species, or species unique to the Philippines, abound---mainly because of the countrys isolated islands, tropical location and extensive areas of rainforest. The country is home to the most distinct creatures on Earth, such as the flying lemur, the worlds smallest and largest bats (Philippine bamboo bat and giant flying fox), the worlds†¦show more content†¦They are fan palms, the leaves with an armed petiole terminating in a rounded, costapalmate fan of numerous leaflets. Livistona species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Batrachedra arenosella (recorded on L. subglobosa) and Paysandisia archon. †¢ Kabantigi [pic] Scientific Name: Pemphis acidula Forst. Family: Lythraceae Local Name: Kabantigi Pemphis is a possibly unispecific genus of maritime plants in family Lythraceae, represented by the type species, described in 1775, Pemphis acidula (Other species listed here, upon further scrutiny, may or may not be ajudged classifiable under Pemphis, but for the purposes of this article, Pemphis species are referred to as plural). Pemphis are highly adaptive. Depending on environmental factors, they are densely branched, or low and spreading bushes or short trees, with main stems that can be furcated and lie nearly prone, or develop into one erect trunk. Leaves can be small, fleshy and succulent, or larger, flat and not fleshy. All surfaces are covered generally in silky, colorless trichomes. The fruits and bee-pollinated flowers are produced throughout the year. Seeds can float, and are sometimes propagated through water dispersal. †¢ Almaciga [pic] Scientific Name: Agathis philippinensis Warb. Family: Araucariaceae Common Name: Almaciga Agathis philippinensis (Almaciga or Dayungon) is a species of Agathis native to the Philippines, Sulawesi and Halmahera,Show MoreRelatedHumans’ Moral Obligation to Preserve Endangered Species1508 Words   |  7 PagesHumans’ Moral Obligation to Preserve Endangered Species Many species that exists today are becoming endangered to extinction. In the past era where humans did not exist, extinction occurred due to natural causes. On this present time however, extinction of species are threatened by humans’ existence. Humans are the only moral agent; in which, it has the intellectual capacity that animals and plants do not have. Thus, humans are powerful and dominate over any species. Many practices that humans doRead MorePlanet Philippines1474 Words   |  6 PagesRamos CN: 32 Reaction paper about the documentary film â€Å"Planet Philippines† The documentary film â€Å"Planet Philippines† hosted by Richard Gutierrez was the biggest environmental project of 2009. Planet Philippines took the viewers on a grand and awesome journey into our country’s wilderness sites. They traveled around Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao to examine the diverse Philippine landscape, seascape, and underground terrain. The film began with our daily activities (eatingRead More Wildlife Preservation Essay examples923 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is an organization that has currently set aside thousands of acers of land to enhance the habitat of wildlife. Inventors of the National Heritage Project, which was created for protecting threatened and endangered species as well as natural areas in danger of being taken over by the next Wall Mart Corporation so to speak. Over 10,000 acres have been declares TVA land for the use of ecological studies areas, naturel habitat areas, and wildlife observation areasRead MoreThe Manila Ocean Park: Strengths and Weaknesses4382 Words   |  18 PagesManila, Philippines. It is owned by China Oceanis Philippines Inc., a subsidiary of China Oceanis Inc., a Singaporean-registered firm that has operated four oceanariums in China. It is located behind the Quirino Grandstand at Rizal Park. It opened on March 1, 2008.[1] In terms of floor spa ce, the 8,000 square metres (86,000 sq ft) oceanarium is larger than the Sentosa Underwater World oceanarium in Singapore, and features a 25-metre (82 ft) underwater acrylic tunnel MANILA, Philippines ? The countryRead MoreThe Spectral Tarsier, A Primate Of The Tarsiidae Family1451 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tarsius tarsier, also known as the spectral tarsier, a haplorrhine primate of the Tarsiidae family. This mammal is one of eighteen different species of the tarsier primate (A-Z Animals). All tarsiers are found in Southeast Asia, and mainly live in Indonesia and the Philippines. The Tarsius tarsier species in particular are only located in Indonesia (Gursky 2007:3-4). Tarsiers are unique in terms that they exhibit both anthropoid-like and prosimian-like qualities. â€Å"In the traditional approachRead MoreThe Report On The Uss Guardian Ran1698 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In January 2013, the USS Guardian ran aground on the Tubbataha Reefs in the Palawan province of the Philippines, harming over 2,000 square meters of the protected environment (The Philippine Star 2014). As a result, the US Navy minesweeper had to be disassembled into several pieces in order to safely remove it from the reef without further damaging the corals. It is unclear of how the ship sailed off track and ended up in the shallow waters of the marine sanctuary. After over a yearRead MoreThe Manila Ocean Park: Strengths and Weaknesses4396 Words   |  18 Pagesin Manila, Philippines. It is owned by China Oceanis Philippines Inc., a subsidiary of China Oceanis Inc., a Singaporean-registered firm that has operated four oceanariums in China. It is located behind the Quirino Grandstand at Rizal Park. It opened on March 1, 2008.[1] In terms of floor space, the 8,000 square metres (86,000 sq ft) oceanarium is larger than the Sentosa Underwater World oceanarium in Singapore, and featur es a 25-metre (82 ft) underwater acrylic tunnel MANILA, Philippines ? The countryRead MoreThe Most Crucial Problem of Philippine: Deforestation1153 Words   |  5 PagesPhilippine Deforestation: Final Paper Deforestation is one of the most crucial problem of the Philippines today, because of poor economic performance, weak polices, legal institutions and government laws, increasing population, poverty, corruption , agricultural expansion and lastly, extensive commercial logging activities. Philippines is a beautiful country rich in its biodiversity and natural resources, the country has 7,107 islands with a land area of 300,000 square kilometers. UnfortunatelyRead MoreIn Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Environmental Law2445 Words   |  10 Pageshectare in area, and around 10 meters in depth. A. Exploring Tubbataha Reefs â€Å"Long reef exposed at low tide† or Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park has an area of 97,030 hectares of Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Palawan,\ which is the westernmost Philippine province. It is located 150 kilometers southeast of Puerto Princesa City, at the core of the Coral Triangle, the global center of marine biodiversity which comprises roughly 10,000 hectares of coral reef. Tubbataha is composed of two huge coralRead More The Lemur and the Gibbon Essay1015 Words   |  5 Pages500 years ago they have been endangered. Sixteen different species of lemurs have gone extinct because of habitat destruction to hunting by humans. I personally think its very unfair because these gentle non aggressive animals were their before humans and even before monkeys. Prosimians first appeared about 55 million years ago while apes been around for only 35 million years. In 1987, World Wildlife International declared that the lemurs are the most gravely endangered group of primates in the world

Chemical Hazards LEV Framework

Question: What is LEV and what contains a LEV framework? Answer: Numerous mechanical procedures discharge airborne contaminants into the working environment. The insufficient control of these can permit the wastes to enter the breathing zone of laborers' subsequent in inward breath presentation. One technique for limiting introduction is to apply extraction at the wellspring of the contaminant era, along these lines expelling the peril before it enters the working environment air. This procedure is alluded to as neighborhood fumes ventilation (LEV). Hunt and Ingham, (2016) say that this article clarifies LEV, its relationship to the progressive system of control, the distinctive bland hood plans, incorporating cases utilized as a part of industry, and the means that should be taken to accomplish efficient and dependable control. If taking the chain of command of control, designing controls have been recognized as a proper measure to control an airborne inward breath chance it is likely that LEV will be chosen. LEV is presumably the most as often as possible connected building control, and an all around composed, connected and kept up LEV framework ought to be equipped for securing laborers' inward breath chance according to Hunt and Ingham, (2016, p. 182). LEV can be characterized as the expulsion of contaminants near or at their purpose of birthplace by ventilation. Johnson, Fletcher, and Saunders, (2016) suggest that by expelling the airborne contaminant near the source, the measure of air required diminishes significantly when contrasted with weakening by general ventilation. LEV frameworks are comprised of many parts; however, most LEV frameworks contain the accompanying principle components: Hood is the point where the contaminant loaded air enters the LEV framework. The hood configuration differs extensively starting with one framework then onto the next. This will be tended to later in this article. Ducting the ducting transports the contaminant loaded air from the hood to the air cleaner, fan lastly the release point. Air cleaner these channels or cleans the air. Air mover this is typically a fan and moves the air through the framework from hood to release point. Discharge deplete air ought to be released to a protected place. The most popular strategy is vertical release to the outside of the building. A standout amongst the most necessary and minimum comprehended, components of a LEV framework is the hood. On the off chance that the hood is gravely composed, or is the wrong sort, it won't have the capacity to catch or hold the sullied air; in this circumstance whatever remains of the LEV framework is viable excess according to Johnson, Fletcher, and Saunders, (2016, p. 60). In any case, given the underlying way of the hood, very frequently little thought goes into the hood plan and it is not surprising to discover costly LEV frameworks with hoods associated that are minimal more than ventilated boxes. Great LEV hood configuration requires a thorough comprehension of the procedure and the way of the contaminant source to be controlled. General LEV hood plans come in all shapes and sizes, which make it testing to perceive how each hood functions and why a few hoods seem to perform superior to others. Along these lines, it is a regular practice to gathering hoods as indicated by key plan parameters. The arrangement of hoods permits architects, upkeep staff, analyzers, and specialists to see how they function and what the confinements are. It likewise helps any principal evaluation of LEV execution. Nonetheless, as is typically the case, not all hood plans fit advantageously into the accompanying characterization, and a few hoods function as a blend of two sorts. Brown, and O'rourke, (2007) point out that that by far, most of the hoods can be categorized as one of the three after hood sorts: Enclosing, Captor, Receiving. Encasing hood Encasing hoods are the best type of LEV hood. This is on account of the source is put inside the hood. Encasing hoods can be aggregate or halfway; a case of an aggregate walled in the area is the glove box, in this situation the specialist is physically isolated from the contaminant source and presentation, ought to be disposed of (Methner 2010, p. 479). Halfway fenced in areas are more typical as they permit access to the specialist and are along these lines handier. A case of a fractional walled in the area is a smoke organizer. Smolder organizers have a movable straightforward band opening, which permits access to the inside of the smoke pantry when setting up investigations and can be somewhat shut when tests are occurring inside with respect to what Akbar-Khanzadeh, and Brillhart, (2012, p. 344) recommends. Vitally a scarf can isolate the specialists breathing zone from the inside of the fenced in area. By and large the adequacy of encasing hoods increments as the zone of the opening reductions, likewise, diminishing the range of the openings regularly decreases the volume stream rate prerequisites and henceforth running expenses. By their outline, encasing hoods are more robust against drafts and are less defenseless against poor work hones. Captor hood Captor hoods are presumably the most widely recognized kind of hood found in the work environment, yet they are similarly the most abused and misconstrued. For all captor hoods, the contaminant source is put outside of the hood, and accordingly, the hood needs to create adequate wind current quickly around the contaminant source to draw it into the hood, this zone can be alluded to as the catch zone or envelope. Zaidi, et al. (2014) state that the Achilles heel of the captor hood is the constrained size and reach of the catch zone. Inside the catch zone, the airborne contaminant will be caught and expelled by the hood. Outside of this zone, the catch effectiveness falls quickly to zero. The span of the catch zone is reliant upon various parameters and diminishes in size as the source turns out to be more enthusiastic; the LEV framework stream rate falls; disturbing drafts increment; the size of the hood diminishes. From the above, it can be seen that the measure of the catch is processed subordinate. Hence, captor hoods are not appropriate for vivacious sources or where there are huge drafts in the work environment which can't be smothered. Methner (2010, p. 479) claims that Captor hoods come in two sorts: settled and moveable. With a settled hood the work piece is conveyed to the hood, with a moveable hood the hood is situated in the attractive place by the administrator. Moveable captor hoods are a well-known plan and universal all through industry. This is generally because it is moderately simple to retrofit a procedure with a moveable hood, notwithstanding, they are as often as possible situated where space permits near a procedure instead of at the right position to viable catch contaminants. It is basic if the laborer is to limit their presentation that they comprehend the restricted separation that the hood can be set from the source as per the reasons provided by Beaulieu, and Schmerbe r, (2011, p. 877). Accepting hood Similarly, as with captor hoods, the contaminant source is situated outside of the hood. Be that as it may, as opposed to catching the contaminant, extraction depends on the contaminant being impelled into the hood either by the vitality of the procedure or lightness impacts. The traditional case of a getting hood is an overhanging hood over a hot procedure. The rising tuft of air is caught by the hood which then needs to fill as fast as it is filled according to (Cao, Awbi, Yao, Fan, Sirn, Kosonen, and Zhang, (2014:176). This last prerequisite is one of the principle reasons why accepting hoods bomb; frequently the extraction stream rate is less that the rate of tainted air entering the hood bringing about spillage around the border of the hood. Foundation This article has focused on the outline of the LEV hood and how the diverse sorts of hoods function. Maidment, (2012:396) mentioned that this data is essential not just because it is basic to the LEV fashioner additionally to the organization obtaining the LEV framework and the laborer utilizing it. This is because the hood is the segment of the LEV framework that they have a tendency to interface with on an everyday premise Air mover For a LEV framework, the air mover will in all likelihood be a fan. Likewise, with air cleaners, fan configuration fluctuates, and their choice relies on the measure of air moved and critically the framework weights. Similarly, as with air cleaners, it is important that the business accepts exhortation from a LEV originator or a fan producer according to Old and Methner, (2008:65). Determining a LEV Framework When buying a LEV framework, it is prudent to first deliver a LEV determination. Saunders and Fletcher, (2013:18) discuss that this does not have to, and ought not to detail the building attributes of the framework, e.g. volume stream rate, air speeds, and framework weights, as this is the undertaking of the LEV planner. Or maybe it ought to state what is required of the LEV framework, for example, what lessening in presentation levels are normal, and in this way ought to incorporate data on the contaminant you wish to control, and the level of control required. It is prescribed that a 'client manual' is asked for that incorporates data of how to work the LEV, check and look after it. Fletcher, (2015:539) states that the client manual ought to likewise incorporate appointing test information. Besides, preparing ought to be given to laborers on the best way to utilize accurately the LEV framework, as, without this, inadvertent specialist abuse can happen to bring about incapable contaminant control. Contingent on the multifaceted nature and nature of the procedure the business may require help building up a determination based on the arguments of Flynn, and Ellenbecker, (2016:510). Be that as it may, this phase in LEV obtainment merits finishing as oversights at the particular stage will be exorbitant to redress later. LEV Appointing After introducing a LEV framework, it should be authorized to exhibit it meets the plan detail. This will require the installer/magistrate making a scope of estimations, the number and sort will rely on the plan of the hood(s) and the unpredictability of the LEV framework as mentioned by Ellenbecker, Gempel, and Burgess, (2013:753). Run of the mill ventilation estimations will incorporate air volume stream rates, speed estimations at the substance of hoods and conceivably inside the LEV ducting, static weight estimations at a scope of positions all through the framework. While this information is fundamental, of equal significance is data that shows that the framework effectively catches or contains the airborne contaminant and in this manner accomplishes its motivation of ensuring laborers' wellbeing. Checking and Upkeep On the off chance that LEV frameworks are not checked or kept up they will unavoidably fizzle; it is only an issue of when instead of if. The client manual ought to incorporate what checks ought to be done and when. It ought to likewise detail what upkeep is required and its recurrence. A qualified individual from staff might have the capacity to do the greater part of the above. Intermittent Testing Intermittently LEV frameworks ought to be tried to guarantee despite everything they meet the ventilation execution determination built up amid dispatching and point by point in the client manual. Leung, Liu, and Chan, (2015) mentioned that it is not generally necessary to rehash the greater part of the dispatching tests, rather the tests that build up that the frameworks are as yet executing of course, for instance, the estimation of volume stream rates, confront speeds and static weight estimations in addition to an appraisal that the LEV framework is as yet catching/containing the contaminant and in this manner ensuring the laborer wellbeing. This can be completed by the capable boss/representative, however, can likewise be contracted out to a free organization. References Akbar-Khanzadeh, F. and Brillhart, R.L., 2012. Respirable crystalline silica dust exposure during concrete finishing (grinding) using hand-held grinders in the construction industry.Annals of Occupational Hygiene,46(3), pp.341-346. Beaulieu, H.J. and Schmerber, K.R., 2011. M-Pyrol(NMP) use in the microelectronics industry.Applied occupational and environmental hygiene,6(10), pp.874-880. Brown, G.D. and O'rourke, D., 2007. Lean manufacturing comes to China: a case study of its impact on workplace health and safety.International journal of occupational and environmental health,13(3), pp.249-257. Cao, G., Awbi, H., Yao, R., Fan, Y., Sirn, K., Kosonen, R. and Zhang, J.J., 2014. A review of the performance of different ventilation and airflow distribution systems in buildings.Building and Environment,73, pp.171-186. Ellenbecker, M.J., Gempel, R.F. and Burgess, W.A., 2013. Capture efficiency of local exhaust ventilation systems.The American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal,44(10), pp.752-755. Fletcher, B., 2015. The design of local exhaust ventilation hoods for grinding wheels.The Annals of Occupational Hygiene,39(5), pp.535-543. Flynn, M.R. and Ellenbecker, M.J., 2016. Capture efficiency of flanged circular local exhaust hoods.Annals of Occupational Hygiene,30(4), pp.497-513. Hunt, G.R. and Ingham, D.B., 2016. Long range exhaustiona mathematical model for the axisymmetric air flow of a local exhaust ventilation hood assisted by a turbulent radial jet.The Annals of Occupational Hygiene,40(2), pp.171-196. Johnson, A.E., Fletcher, B. and Saunders, C.J., 2016. Air movement around a worker in a low-speed flow field.The annals of occupational hygiene,40(1), pp.57-64. Leung, M.K., Liu, C.H. and Chan, A.H., 2015. Occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds and mitigation by push-pull local exhaust ventilation in printing plants.Journal of occupational health,47(6), pp.540-547. Maidment, S.C., 2012. Occupational hygiene considerations in the development of a structured approach to select chemical control strategies.Annals of Occupational Hygiene,42(6), pp.391-400. Methner, M.M., 2010. Effectiveness of a custom-fitted flange and local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system in controlling the release of nanoscale metal oxide particulates during reactor cleanout operations.International journal of occupational and environmental health,16(4), pp.475-487. Old, L. and Methner, M.M., 2008. Engineering case reports: effectiveness of local exhaust ventilation (LEV) in controlling engineered nanomaterial emissions during reactor cleanout operations.Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene,5(6), pp.D63-D69. Saunders, C.J. and Fletcher, B., 2013. Jet enhanced local exhaust ventilation.Annals of Occupational Hygiene,37(1), pp.15-24. Zaidi, S., Sathawara, N., Kumar, S., Gandhi, S., Parmar, C. and Saiyed, H., 2014. Development of indigenous local exhaust ventilation system: reduction of welders exposure to welding fumes.Journal of occupational health,46(4), pp.323-328.

Salmon Essays (1909 words) - Salmon, Oncorhynchus, Thamnophis

Salmon What species would travel over 2000 miles just to have young and then die? It has been said that anyone who has not seen a wild salmon has not seen what a fish should be. Salmon was the common name applied to fish characterized by an elongated body covered with small, rounded scales and a fleshy fin between the dorsal fin and tail. In this paper I will be discussing history of studying salmon, the life cycle, spawning and mating behaviors; which has much to do with the total reproduction of salmon. Salmon were studied earlier than some may think. Experiments were done by men that date back to the mid-1600s. These experiments involved catching salmon in fresh water, tagging them, and then catching them again when they return to the same place, around six months later. These experiments were doubtful and it was not until the beginning of the 1900's that proof was available that the salmon returned home. (Shearer) Although usually drab in color before the breeding season, which varies with the species, members of the salmon family develop bright hues at spawning time. The male, during this mating season, usually develops a hooked snout and a humped back. In many diverse taxa, males of the same species often exhibit multiple mating strategies. One well-documented alternative male reproductive pattern is 'female mimicry,' whereby males assume a female-like morphology or mimic female behavior patterns. In some species males mimic both female morphology and behavior. We report here female mimicry in a reptile, the red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). This form of mimicry is unique in that it is expressed as a physiological feminization. Courting male red-sided garter snakes detect a female-specific pheromone and normally avoid courting other males. However, a small proportion of males release a pheromone that attracts other males, as though they were females. In the field, mati ng aggregations of 5-17 males were observed formed around these individual attractive males, which we have termed 'she-males.' In competitive mating trials, she-males mated with females significantly more often than did normal males, demonstrating not only reproductive competence but also a possible selective advantage to males with this female-like pheromone. In the competitive mating trials, the she-males were successful in 29 out of 42 trials. The normal males won out in only 13! The authors ask the question: Why aren't all males she-males given such an advantage? (Mason, Robert T., and Crews, David; Female Mimicry in Garter Snakes, Nature, 316:59, 1985.) Comment. Among the fishes, bluegills and salmon (and probably many others) have female-appearing males competing with normal males. Abstract: The influence of sperm competition and individual mating behaviour in an externally fertilizing species of fish, the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), is estimated from video observations of multiple-male spawnings and subsequent paternity analyses. One male dominated the paternity during polygamous spawnings, fathering more than 80% of the progeny in a single nest. Behavioural analyses of the spawnings showed that the first-mating male had sperm precedence in 6 out of 10 cases. In three of the other spawnings, sperm limitation likely influenced individual success, as the first-mating male had participated in a large number of spawnings. In the final, nearly simultaneous spawning, male size was more important than the 0.6-s difference in spawning times. Thus, male fertilization success can be influenced by a variety of factors, including sperm precedence, male size, and spawning history. Back to Table of Contents Before mating, one parent excavates a nest for the eggs; after the eggs are deposited and fertilized, the female stirs up the stream bottom so that earth and stones cover the eggs and protect them. The eggs hatch in two weeks to six months, depending on the species and the water temperature. During the migrations and nest-building activity that precede mating, neither the females nor the males consume food. In the life cycle of the pacific salmon, nature recycles the parents to feed the babies. Mature salmon leave the Pacific Ocean as saltwater fish, never again to eat as they battle their way up the Columbia River to spawn in the home stream where they were born. Those born in the upper reaches of the Columbia River's tributary stream, the Snake River, travel more than

Aparthied in South Afirca essays

Aparthied in South Afirca essays Imagine having to carry an identity card wherever you went, or having separate places where you could eat and live. These are the things that the Black South Africans ad to go through in South Africa. The Black South Africans were segregated for their race and no other reason at all. Also the Black South Africans were subject to arrest at a given time without an explanation. Basically, apartheid was an act which highly segregated the Black South Africans from the rest of South Africa. Apartheid is an event in history that will never be forgotten. With this even there come two different types of views. There are those people who support apartheid, and think it is a good thing, and there are also people like myself who think that apartheid was a disgrace and a horrible thing. A website entitled: stormfront.org/archive/t-84837 or the Stormfront White Nationalist Community, is a website/forum which on that particular topic, people are discussing their views on the whole Apartheid crisis. All of the people there think that either 'there should have been a homeland for blacks? orAt the time the kaffer was causing unrest and by providing them with cheap, decent or might I add still standing houses in their own areas was something Verwoerd implemented.? Such terms likekaffer? andboer? are the names given to the Black South Africans. These quotes emphasize that not only do these people think that Apartheid was an ok thing to do, but they think that it should have been don e better! I totally disagree with these points of views or anything supporting racial segregation because I don't feel that anybody should be treated differently than anybody else, not to mention I have a mixed family of blacks, whites, and Chinese. Therefore, I feel completely opposite then the people posting their comments on Stormfront. This site obviously displays the views of supporters for apartheid, but there are also websites ...

Domestic Violence Against Women In 2010 Has A Greater Affect Than It Dissertation

Domestic Violence Against Women In 2010 Has A Greater Affect Than It Did 50 years ago - Dissertation Example The research is intended to reflect more meaning than might be found through quantitative research with deeper meanings emerging through conversational style interviews with five participants. The participant pool consisted of three women and two men who had been involved in male violence upon female victims. Through these interviews, an understanding of the discourse about the topic emerged. The topic has been examined through a literature review of relevant secondary resources and through primary research of five interviews that were collated into case studies to provide context for emerging themes. In looking at the previous research and the case studies, the concepts that are within the public discourse emerge and become a framework in which to understand why violence against women is perpetuated and has not come to its end. Acknowledgements Table of Contents Abstract Acknowledgements Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Theoretical Frameworks 1.3 Research Questio ns 1.4 Hypotheses 2. Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Fifty Years Ago 2.2.1 Feminism 2.2.2 Violence 2.3 Media 2.4 Public Discourse 3. Methodology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Secondary Research 3.3 Primary Research 3.3.1 Participants 3.3.2 Ethics 3.5 Summary 4. Findings and Discussion 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Case Study # 1: Female 4.3 Case Study # 2: Female 4.4 Case Study # 3: Female 4.5 Case Study # 4: Male 4.6 Case Study # 5: Male 4.7 Summary 5.0 Conclusion References Appendices List of Appendices Appendix 1: Questions for Interviews Appendix 2: Contextual Frameworks: Potency vs. Width Domestic Violence Against Women In 2010 Has A Greater Affect Than It Did 50 years ago Chapter One 1. Introduction 1.1 Background The nature of gender relations have changed dramatically in the last fifty years which has framed the dialogue about violence against women in a different context than it was considered in previous time periods. The state of the female status has evolved from a sense of propert y to a sense of autonomy, the objectification of femaleness made subjective, part of the public sphere and relevant to all aspects of life. In being subjective, the nature of the female present is many things, her situated presence manifesting a number of roles that are both defined by the concept of female, and some by the concept of human. More rarely, she is a the subject of a male identity, her presence part of the discourse of gender role identification that are now virtually all interchangeable. However, this has not discounted the vulnerability of being female, her sex providing a violent access that males are not as vulnerable to in the context of domestic life. The domination of the male, his need to express his maleness through subjugating others in the domestic sphere, has led to violent outbursts that intend to define that dominance. When no other recourse seems available, some men will reduce their ability to convince into an action of violence, manifesting their domina nce through pain and oppression. Threat of further action brings the female into line, her life reduced to self-protection and in protecting other aspects of their life including children, reputation, and the appearance of tranquility. The postmodernists view male violence towards women through looking at the way in which gender divisions have been determined by linguistically framed, the language of violence encouraging aggression attitudes. The emphasis on typical language where power relationships are

Oppotunity cost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Oppotunity cost - Essay Example The customers may thin k that they are getting a free meal at the cost of a drink and hence more people would be attracted towards the shop. This paper briefly explains the phrase 'TINSTAAFL' in terms of opportunity cost. Opportunity cost is the cost of passing up the next best choice when making a decision. For example, if an asset such as capital is used for one purpose, the opportunity cost is the value of the next best purpose the asset could have been used for. Opportunity cost analysis is an important part of a company's decision-making processes, but is not treated as an actual cost in any financial statement" (Opportunity cost, n. d). Every problem has more than one solution as economics says. While solving problems we normally opt for the best possible solution. But it is not necessary that our decisions would be always the best because of our inability to analyze or evaluate problems properly. If another better option was available, the opportunity cost is the benefits we could have received by taking that option. In the current world, there are lots of investment opportunities. Some of them may be risky while the others might be risk free. For example, consider a person invest his entire extra money in a savings bank account which provides him an annual interest of below 3%. On the other hand, if that person invests his money in fixed deposits, he can earn more than 8% interest. Here the person losing 5% (8 - 3 = 5) and his opportunity costs are 5% In the initial example of the salon owners who offer free lunch, they are not losing any money since they are accommodating the charges of the meals in the charge of the drink. But at the same time they were able to attract more customers because of this business strategy. In other worlds, the salon owners were able to make more profit by selecting an alternate option for selling their drinks. It should be remembered that if the salon owners do not offer any free lunch and function like other shop owners, their sales might be the same as that of the others. But by selecting an alternate option without sacrificing anything, they were able to increase their profit. "Any decision that involves a choice between two or more options has an opportunity cost" (Joanne, 2008)' Characteristics of Opportunity cost Thus the opportunity cost is not restricted to financial costs alone. The real cost of output forgone, lost time, or any other benefit that provides utility should also be considered as opportunity costs. Consider a person with $ 100 in his hand. He can purchase some shirts or some books or even he can invest it in shares or fixed deposits. If he purchases shirts or books for the money he has, the value of the goods may decrease as time passes and he loses his money as opportunity cost. At the same time if he invests the money in term deposits, he may get more money as time passes. In other words the same money yields negative opportunity cost in the first instance whereas it yields positive opportunity cost in the second instance. Opportunity cost is a key concept in economics because of its worth and value in taking decisions. It is capable of describing the economic terms like scarcity and choice and moreover it can establish the relationship between the

Marketing Concepts at the Starbucks Company

Marketing Concepts at the Starbucks Company EXECUTIVE SUMMARY It has been argued by some people that they think marketing contributes to evils appearing in the world caused by the criticism referring to the effects caused by advertising. None of the critics are true because marketing is about finding the best strategy for gathering information about how consumers behave in the market providing those products that could satisfy their needs and wants when they are needed at that particular time such goods should be of good quality. This report will give a clear understanding of what marketing is all about its elements, benefits and costs of a marketing approach in todays business. The Micro and Macro environment concept the factors that influence marketing decisions. Segmentation criteria used for product in different markets. Factors influencing the choice of targeting strategy and the concept of buyer behaviour affecting marketing activities. How product development helps to sustain competitive advantage also process of how distribution can be arranged to provide customer convenience. DEFINITION OF MARKETING Introduction Researchers such as Chartered Institute of marketing came out with the conclusion that marketing in United Kingdom has changed rapidly in the last 30 years which is due to the advanced technology. Customers are the centre heart of the marketing, where by marketing is not only about selling the products, organisations need to have a clear picture of marketing concept and the importance of it in meeting the organisation objectives. Different authors came out with their own definitions of marketing as follows; Marketing is a human activity directed at satisfying human wants and needs Phillip Kotler, He finalise that marketing involve the process of selling and buying the products or services which is conducted in a professional way such as through advertising, promotions, social networks etc that aims at meeting the customers satisfaction.  [1]   The American Marketing of Association came out also with the definition of marketing saying that is an activity which set institutions that is processed to create a message that could be delivered to the customers also exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. The American Marketing of Association  [2]  . They have viewed that marketing is about going beyond what organisation does encompassing the great extent of activities that marketers undertake making sure their message is about certain product or services reach the customers that is marketing. P. Kotler and G Armstrong defined marketing as the process were by companies tend to create products of value for customers and building strong customer relationships in order to capture the value from customers in return  [3]  . Principles of marketing page 3. Authors came out with this definition due to that fact that marketing is not only involving on selling and buying it includes social and managerial process too where individuals and organisation as well can obtain their needs and wants through the process of exchanging value with others. American Marketing Association 1985 came out again with another definition of marketing which they said that is a process of planning by executing the process of pricing, planning and distribution of ideas that goods and services could create exchange that satisfy individual and organisational objectives. They explained that marketing is a process which is performed within the organisation  [4]  . Marketing strategy and competitive positioning pg 7 CHARACTERISTICS OF A MARKETING ORIENTED ORGANISATION Kohli and Jaworski (1990) defined marketing orientation as one or more departments engaging in activities directed towards the process of developing an understanding of customers such as their buying behaviour which is current and future needs and the factors affecting them, sharing of this understanding across departments and the various departments engaging in activities designed to meet select customer needs.  [5]  Marketing strategy and competitive positioning pg 8 It is argued that social and economic justification of customer wants and needs while at the same time meeting organisational objectives which is based on understanding that a sale does not depend on aggressive sales force, but rather on a customer decision to purchase a product  [6]  Introduction to Marketing 9th Edition pg 8. Characteristics of a marketing oriented organisation are as follows. Concentrates on the products that meets the customer needs and wants which are different from their competitors. Integrating the activities conducted within the organisation such as production to satisfy such wants. Making sure long-term goals are being achieved within the organisation by satisfying customer wants and needs legally and in a response way. A market oriented organisation need to identify their competitive arena and competitors which by knowing their strength and weakness which is assessing what the competitors are intending to do in the future or tomorrow and what they are doing today that could help the organisation to come out with better strategy to win the market share. MARKETING CONCEPT Felton (1959) defined marketing concept as a corporate state of mind that exists on the integration and co-ordination of all the marketing functions which, in turn, are melded with all other corporate functions, for the basic objective of producing long-range profits. It is characterised by achieving organisational goals which depends on identifying he needs and wants of the target markets and making sure desired satisfaction of the customer are delivered in an effective and efficient way than what competitors do. Kotler ELEMENTS OF MARKETING CONCEPT IN STARBUCKS COMPANY Starbucks is a leading retail company selling different flavours of coffee, snacks, to its customers. It started in US in 1971 then opened more branches in across all over UK high streets having 650 stores in UK and Ireland in 1998. Starbucks is targeting all kind of group such as young age, middle age also old age. Starbucks as one of the example showing how they have described the elements of marketing concept in their organisation which are customer orientation, organisation integration and mutually profitable exchange. CUSTOMER ORIENTATION MARKETING ENVIRONMENT IN STARBUCKS. An organisation can be structured in the certain ways that implements the goal of the organisation such factors can be interfered externally which is termed as Macro environment and internally known by Micro environment. Environment can change due to certain circumstances where by the organisation such as Starbucks can manage such change by having marketing plans, proper promotion, well distribution manner and proper pricing method in advance in case changes happened. Macro environment analysis These are the forces that affect the organisation externally in a very large part such as political, economical, social and technological (PEST) Political Factor This is relating to the huge amount of tax imposed to the business by the government which tend to interfere the organisation activities when it wants to maximise its profit. Political factor from other branches in other countries where could be wars, dictatorial government, civil wars that may influence the marketing environment of the organisation. Also laws imposed to the organisation where by the government restricting shops from selling alcohol at certain time, ethics practice child labour, health and safety, fair trade etc which organisations need to practice them. Economical Factor Economic factors such as recession which hard a big impact to the different organisations also to the consumer ability to purchase their product due to been unemployed and having debts. As UK joined European Union introduced free movement of goods and services that result to the occurrence of competitions among the organisation. The way income is distributed among the individuals impact the marketing activities such as higher income earners, middle and low earners these are economic factor influence marketing segmentation and decisions. Social factor Social factors that influence marketing decisions are such as demographic factors which is relating to the population where when the population increases creates good opportunity for the marketing activities but if it decreases results to great impact in the market. Age, marketers tend to target their market according to the number of age available in an area. Behaviour also may influence the marketing decision where by some ethnics may not be able to purchase certain products due religion aspects also due to consumers different in taste, style and fashion some may like the products others may find them not attractive. Technological factor This is spread of advance technology which is changing the world in rapid state where now consumers can buy their products online; or decide to but coffee machines and make their own coffee at home organisation can market their products through various social networks such as Facebook, Twitter which are being used by the people regularly such factors does influence marketing decisions when they decide to plan their marketing activities. PORTERS FIVE FORCES Porters Five Forces Model can be used by the company to identify its opportunities and threats of their competitors. Starbucks can use such model to be able to enter new reach markets. Starbucks has few competitors such a Cafe Nero, Costa coffee, Coffee republic such find it hard to compete with Starbucks due to that Starbucks have got good opportunity in the volume of operations. Starbucks is the leading coffee retailer in the world having good brand. (Kembell). Threats that Starbucks faces are cities that have small number of population due to having low number of competitors that Starbucks find it hard to compete. Starbucks is well known in the coffee market for its innovation and strong product differentiation. Starbucks has introduced the prepaid debit card; Seattles Best launched its version. STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS Stakeholder is any person who has the direct or indirect interest in the company. Examples of stakeholders are customers, suppliers, government, employees, other agencies etc. Stakeholders are of the great importance to any organisation without them the organisation wont be able be able to survive, their needs need to be met by organisations such operating marketing activities in ethical way, abiding to the laws and regulations regarding to business, protecting the environment from any harm, they can manage to sustain the marketing activities etc If such needs are not fulfilled they have the power to cause destruction in the marketing plan and decisions.