Aristotle Essay Essay Example for Free

Aristotle Essay Essay Aristotle Despite being Plato’s student, Aristotle’s views conflict with his teacher’s. The biggest difference being that Aristotle was a realist; he saw the value in studying the physical world and trusted his senses, unlike Plato who believed in the world of forms. Plato believed that we need to look beyond the physical world for a metaphysical explanation of the universe, Aristotle refuted this. Aristotle observed nature and used logic and reason to explain how it works; he tried to find the ‘action’ of why things exist and tried to make sense of them. Also, Aristotle’s approach was imperial and he trusted the use of reason based on his experience. Aristotle rejected Plato’s dualism; he thought that the body and soul are one, as the brain and body are. This opposes Plato’s views that the body and soul were separate. Aristotle believed in the four causes, the principal that everything has four causes of existence: Material cause – refers to what a thing is made of, Aristotle used the example of a bronze sculpture and a silver saucer, Aristotle would say that bronze or silver is the material cause. However, an object can have more than one material cause, for example, the laptop I’m typing on is made of plastic, metal, wires and glass; these would all be material causes. The material cause also counters Plato’s theory of the world of forms, he would say that my laptop has a perfect form however, it is made up of individual things in order to be a laptop, all of the things it is made up of must have their own perfect form according to Plato, making his theory contradictive. Formal cause – refers to the structure of an object, the shape it takes that makes it what it is. It is what we recognise as the thing we are looking at. An object must have a specific order in order to be what it is, for example, a bronze sculpture is not just a lump of bronze, and it has been shaped into a sculpture in order to function, as my laptop has been assembled into an order so it works. Efficient cause – refers to how the object has changed from a state of potentiality to what it is, for example, the way a bronze sculpture has been taken from a lump of bronze chiselled until it is made into a statue by the sculptor. The efficient cause of an object may not be as simple as this i. e. my laptop’s efficient cause may vary from machines and people to plastic moulds and screwdrivers. It is the cause of the change. Final cause – refers to the purpose of an objects being; the purpose of a sculpture might be to be admired, the purpose of my laptop is to let me watch videos of cats playing musical instruments on YouTube. Aristotle uses the example of health being the cause of walking, Why does one walk? he asks, that one may be healthy. The final cause is perhaps the most important of all of the causes. Aristotle’s understanding did not end there, he said that once something has achieved a state of actuality, it will be in a state of potentiality, for example, take ‘whiteness’, when my shirt is washed and becomes clean and ‘white’ but it has the potential to become dirty and ‘not white’ anymore. Aristotle also came up with the idea of the Prime Mover. The Prime Mover is, according to Aristotle, the ultimate and final cause of the universe. He said that everything in the universe is in a state of change (motus) so the Prime Mover must exist outside the universe, so that it is not affected by what happens inside. The Prime Mover cannot change, because to change something must exist in a state of actuality and have the potential to change i. e. an actual child is a potential adult. Aristotle does not consider the Prime Mover as a God, because a god is a living being which effects what happens in the world, however, the Prime Mover does not affect what happens in the universe, it is just the cause of it. Aristotle says that the Prime Mover has to exist because the universe has to have a cause. The Prime Mover also has to be eternal, because if something comes into existence it must be caused by something else.

Comparison of Different Therapies

Comparison of Different Therapies Diana Scammell Biodynamic: Craniosacral Therapy Definition: Craniosacral therapy is a holistic healing that corrects the communication between the brain and the body by restoring flow of cerebrospinal fluid. The therapy often lowers the brain wave activity to a delta state to promote deep healing. This may bring the client into an altered unconscious/subconscious state. These sessions are intended for those seeking to establish clear and conscious connections between the body mind. Personal experience: The session started with a brief interview. I then closed my eyes and began to feel a shift of what I assumed to be my energy field to the left of my body. I did not feel her touching me except when she touched my sacral area. I soon began to have visions of letting everything go and before I knew it I did. At the end of the session Diana gently touched my shoulders. I felt relaxed and had a great sense of peace. Referral: I found the technique effective in bringing me to an altered state of consciousness. I would recommend both Diana and Craniosacral work to anyone who is seeking the possibility of just letting go. Reflexology Definition: Reflexology is the application of pressure to specific areas on the feet, hands and ears. Manipulating the areas promote healing of the various organs of the body and reduces stress. The National Cancer Institute and the National Institutes of Health funded studies that seem to indicate that reflexology could reduce pain and psychological symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, and aid in relaxation and sleep. Personal experience: The session started with a brief interview. Both of my lower extremities where propped up on two pillows. She began to rub my feet one at a time. It was very relaxing. During the treatment I began to experience current like releases from my feet all the way to my scalp making the hair in my scalp stand up. At the end of the session Diana held the top of my ankles gently and told me we were done. Referral: I had a great sense of relaxation throughout this treatment. I do believe that this technique alleviates stress. I would recommend this technique and this practitioner to anyone who has a need to relax. Acupuncture Definition: Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medicine practice that can be traced back at least 2500 years. Acupuncture is a technique for balancing the flow of energy or life forces refer as Chi. This energy flow is essential to our health. Disruption to this flow of energy is to believe to be responsible for disease. By inserting thin needles into specific points along meridians, acupuncture practitioners believe that your energy flow will re-balance. Acupuncture is most commonly used to treat pain. Personal experience: The session started with a brief interview and examination of my posture. I then laid face down on the table. He placed very thin needles in my feet, back and neck. I found some to be painful. A heating lamp was placed over me. After 15-20 minutes the needles were removed. He believed my pain was due to a lack of upper back strength. He recommended exercises and stretches for my upper back and neck muscles. Referral: Acupuncture did relief my back and neck pain for several weeks. I do recommend acupuncture and Dr. Park to anyone having chronic or acute pain. Medical Intuitive and Medium Definition: Intuitive readings are different for everyone. Depending on the person conducting the reading, the focus can be on anything from releasing blocked energy and past trauma, tapping into past lives, working through a current hardship, or helping a client to activate their highest potential and life work. Personal experience: I entered a living room like area in Sherrie’s house. Sherrie began with a prayer and then proceeded to talk to me about my family and work. Several times during the reading she channeled my mother in-law and my father in law whom I had never met but wished to give me a message. She spoke at great length to me about my husband, his job and our future, my two daughters their lives their futures and some about who they were in their past lives. My father and Grandfather also came in to give me insight about past experiences. Referral: I would recommend this type of readings to anyone who is on a soul search and exploration. I would recommend Sherrie. I found her to be genuine. Massage Therapy- Deep Tissue Definition: Deep tissue massage is a type of massage therapy that focuses on realigning deeper layers of muscles and connective tissue. It is especially helpful for chronic aches and pains and contracted areas. The movement is slower and the pressure is deeper concentrated on areas of tension and pain in order to reach the sub-layer of muscles and the fascia. Deep tissue massage works by physically breaking down adhesions to relieve pain and restore normal movement. To do this, the massage therapist uses massage oil. Personal experience: I filled out a comprehensive questionnaire. The massage therapist went over the questionnaire and a plan for the session was formulated. She started with me laying face down. She began to massage my back, upper extremities, lower extremities and then asked me to turn over. There were times during the massage that it was very painful as she tried to soften rigid tissue especially on my back. Referral: This technique was very helpful for my upper back and neck pain. I would recommend Heather and this modality to anyone experiencing chronic muscle tension. Massage Therapy- Swedish Massage Definition: Swedish massage combines various hands-on techniques including gliding, kneading, and cross-fiber friction to break up muscle knots, called adhesions. Swedish massage is based on the Western concepts of anatomy and physiology as opposed to energy work. It can be slow and gentle, or vigorous and bracing, depending on what the therapist wants to achieve. Swedish massage is performed by a trained and licensed massage therapist who lubricates the skin with massage oil. Personal experience: I was asked to fill out a comprehensive questionnaire. The massage therapist went over the questionnaire with me and a plan for the session was formulated. I lay on the table face down. She began to massage my body starting at my back, upper extremities, lower extremities and then asked me to turn over. She used a light soothing touch throughout my body. She suggested that I drink plenty of water for the rest of the day. Referral: I enjoyed this type of massage, it was very relaxing. I found no connection with therapist and would not necessary refer anyone to her. Shamanic Healing Definition: A shamanic practitioner is trained to recognize that all illnesses have a spiritual component and that everything is connected–the spiritual, emotional, physical and mental. If one of these systems is out of balance the disharmony can be felt within the entire energetic field. Practitioners and their training vary greatly. In a shamanic healing the practitioner will may use tools to assist in moving the unwanted or blocked energy. Depending on the tradition, feathers, mesas, and/or sacred songs, may be use. Personal experience: I was greeted by Steve at his home. He asked me several questions about my home life, family and work. He then explained Shamanic healing. He proceeded to chant, he used some drumming and a feather that he waved around my body. In conclusion he told me that I do not need to feel like I need to take care of others. I need to allow people to experience their soul journey and lessons without stepping in for the rescue. Referral: I am not sure that I would recommend this experience or if it was the practitioner whom I did not find genuine. Hypnotherapy Definition: Hypnotherapy is a form of psychotherapy use to create subconscious change in a patient in the form of new responses, thoughts, attitudes, behaviors or feelings. This is done by placing the patient in the Hypnotic state. A person who is hypnotized displays certain unusual characteristics and propensities, compared with a non-hypnotized patients, most notably heightened suggestibility and responsiveness. Personal experience: Referral: I would recommend Hypnotherapy and Andrew Spiritual Healing Definition: Meeting John of God (Joà £o Teixeira de Faria) is a special opportunity to experience physical, emotional, or spiritual healing with one of the world’s most revered spiritual healers and mediums from Brazil, where John of God has seen millions of visitors from around the world. John of God and team of healers’ leads people into a guided meditation, prayer, testimonials, and times of silence that opens them up to the healing John of God offers. Omega’s campus becomes an oasis of peace and contemplation where we can experience the power of faith within a loving community and discover how it can transform our life. John of God sees individuals briefly, and suggests their next healing step. Some say they have been cured of disease; others say that while a physical cure was not achieved, a spiritual or emotional healing was. Most say that their time spent in his presence was a profound and transformative experience. The entities and John of God are treating the whole person; therefore relationships between families and loved ones can also be repaired and restored. The glue that binds humanity is Love and John of God and the entities are most concerned that you are whole and a reflection of this love in the world, physically, mentally, emotionally and spiritually. He and the entities, through a constant and thorough cleaning of your energy field, and your own efforts, are able to elevate you in a phenomenal way to become who you truly are, radiant and a reflection of the divine on earth. Personal experience: Referral: I would recommend this experience with this healer to anyone who is seeking Physical, emotional or spiritual healing. Reiki Definition: Reiki is a Japanese technique for stress reduction and relaxation. Reiki is an ancient laying-on of hands healing technique that uses energy to heal, balancing the subtle energies within our bodies. Reiki addresses physical, emotional, mental and spiritual imbalances. The Reiki practitioner serves as a vessel for healing energy to go where it is most needed. The energy flows out of the practitioners hands while they are touching the patient’s body. Personal experience: I was greeted by Janna at her house. I lay on her massage table face up. As I closed my eyes I began to feel her hands on my head. She then worked her way down my body. I felt great heat coming from her hands. Somewhere in between my head and feet I became very relaxed and fell asleep. I felt like Janna’s hands where everywhere on my body at the same time. I felt very relaxed and at peace. Referral: I would recommend this modality to anyone. I found this modality to be very similar to Healing touch. I would recommend Janna to anyone in need of peace and relaxation.

Factors Determining Layout And Design

Factors Determining Layout And Design Facility layout and design is an important component of a businesss overall operations, both in terms of maximizing the effectiveness of the production process and meeting the needs of employees. The basic objective of layout is to ensure a smooth flow of work, material, and information through a system. The basic meaning of facility is the space in which a businesss activities take place. The layout and design of that space impact greatly how the work is done-the flow of work, materials, and information through the system. The key to good facility layout and design is the integration of the needs of people (personnel and customers), materials (raw, finishes, and in process), and machinery in such a way that they create a single, well-functioning system. FACTORS DETERMINING LAYOUT AND DESIGN Small business owners need to consider many operational factors when building or renovating a facility for maximum layout effectiveness. These criteria include the following: 1. Ease of future expansion or change-Facilities should be designed so that they can be easily expanded or adjusted to meet changing production needs. Although redesigning a facility is a major, expensive undertaking not to be done lightly, there is always the possibility that a redesign will be necessary, Therefore, any design should be flexible. Flexible manufacturing systems most often are highly automated facilities having intermediate-volume production of a variety of products. Their goal is to minimize changeover or setup times for producing the different products while still achieving close to assembly line (single-product) production rates. 2. Flow of movement- the facility design should reflect recognition of the importance of smooth process flow. In the case of factory facilities, the editors of How to Run a Small Business state that ideally, the plan will show the raw materials entering your plant at one end and the finished product emerging at the other. The flow need not be a straight line. Parallel flows, U-shaped patterns, or even a zigzag that ends up with the finished product back at the shipping and receiving bays can be functional. However, backtracking is to be avoided in whatever pattern is chosen. When parts and materials move against or across the overall flow, personnel and paperwork become confused. 3. Materials handling-Small business owners should make certain that the facility layout makes it possible to handle materials (products, equipment, containers, etc.) in an orderly, efficient-and preferably simple-manner. 4. Output needs- the facility should be laid out in a way that is conducive to helping the business meet its production needs. 1. Space utilization-This aspect of facility design includes everything from making sure that traffic lanes are wide enough to making certain that inventory storage warehouses or rooms utilize as much vertical space as possible. 2. Shipping and receiving-counseled small business owners to leave ample room for this aspect of operations. While space does tend to fill itself up, receiving and shipping rarely get enough space for the work to be done effectively, 3. Ease of communication and support-Facilities should be laid out so that communication within various areas of the business and interactions with vendors and customers can be done in an easy and effective manner. Similarly, support areas should be stationed in areas that help them to serve operating areas. 4. Impact on employee morale and job satisfaction-since countless studies have indicated that employee morale has a major impact on productivity, owners and managers to heed this factor when pondering facility design alternatives: Some ways layout design can increase morale are obvious, such as providing for light-colored walls, windows, space. Other ways are less obvious and not directly related to the production process. Some examples are including a cafeteria or even a gymnasium in the facility design. Again, though, there are costs to be traded off. That is, does the increase in morale due to a cafeteria increase productivity to the extent that the increased productivity covers the cost of building and staffing the cafeteria? 5. Promotional value-if the business commonly receives visitors in the form of customers, vendors, investors, etc., the small business owner may want to make sure that the facility layout is an attractive one that further burnishes the companys reputation. Design factors that can influence the degree of attractiveness of a facility include not only the design of the production area itself, but the impact that it has on, for instance, ease of fulfilling maintenance/cleaning tasks. 6. Safety-the facility layout should enable the business to effectively operate in accordance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration guidelines and other legal restrictions. Facility layout must be considered very carefully because we do not want to constantly redesign the facility, Some of the goals in designing the facility are to ensure a minimum amount of materials handling, to avoid bottlenecks, to minimize machine interference, to ensure high employee morale and safety, and to ensure flexibility. Essentially, there are two distinct types of layout. Product layout is synonymous with assembly line and is oriented toward the products that are being made. Process layout is oriented around the processes that are used to make the products. Generally, product layout is applicable for high-volume repetitive operations, while process layout is applicable for low-volume custom-made goods. AN IDEAL LAYOUT 1. Transport: Movement of materials is a waste. Minimize the amount of movement by arranging processes in close proximity to each other. Factory layouts can often be the fundamental cause of excess transportation. When appropriate, re-laying out the machines within a factory from a functional to a cellular layout has been found by many companies to help not just reduce transportation waste but also reduce WIP and waiting. Items being moved unnecessarily incur a cost. 2. Inventory: Many companies produce above what is required to fulfill the order, this may be due to quality problems along the production process or the often mistaken belief that is saves money by manufacturing larger quantities. Too little inventory can lose sales; too much inventory can hide problems. 3. Motion: Generally, this waste applies to production personnel having to move out of their work area to locate tools, materials, etc. Remove unnecessary motion of the operations and improve the ergonomics of the workplace. People moving unnecessarily also incur a cost. 4. Waiting: Minimize waiting time (operators waiting for machines or products waiting around in factories either as finished goods or work in progress) Aim for a smooth flow. 5. Overproduction: Always aim to make exactly what the customer orders, just in time, to the correct quality standard. On the shop floor, this generally occurs because changeover times are high, equipment is unreliable, the process is unreliable (causes defects), and standard cost accounting metrics are used. However, probably the biggest reason for overproduction is poor information flow (communication) between facilities. 6. Over Processing: Use machines which are of an appropriate capacity and capable of achieving the required quality standard. This usually refers to using larger scale equipment than necessary; it also refers to building in rework to a process. It can also refer to using the wrong suppliers and/or the wrong process. 7. Defects: Reducing the number of defects directly reduces the amount of waste. Aim for zero defects. The efficiency of production depends on how well the various machines; production facilities and employees amenities are located in a plant. Only the properly laid out plant can ensure the smooth and rapid movement of material, from the raw material stage to the end product stage. Plant layout encompasses new layout as well as improvement in the existing layout. It may be defined as a technique of locating machines, processes and plant services within the factory so as to achieve the right quantity and quality of output at the lowest possible cost of manufacturing. It involves a judicious arrangement of production facilities so that workflow is direct. Plant layout refers to the arrangement of physical facilities such as machinery, equipment, furniture etc. within the factory building in such a manner so as to have quickest flow of material at the lowest cost and with the least amount of handling in processing the product from the receipt of material to the shipment of the finished product. The overall objective of plant layout is to design a physical arrangement that most economically meets the required output quantity and quality., Plant layout ideally involves allocation of space and Arrangement of equipment in such a manner that overall operating costs are minimized. IMPORTANCE Plant layout is an important decision as it represents long-term commitment. An ideal plant layout should provide the optimum relationship among output, floor area and manufacturing process. It facilitates the production process, minimizes material handling, time and cost, and allows flexibility of operations, easy production flow, makes economic use of the building, promotes effective utilization of manpower, and provides for employees convenience, safety, comfort at work, maximum exposure to natural light and ventilation. It is also important because it affects the flow of material and processes, labour efficiency, supervision and control, use of space and expansion possibilities etc. ESSENTIALS REQUIREMENTS An efficient plant layout is one that can be instrumental in achieving the following objectives: a) Proper and efficient utilization of available floor space. b) To ensure that work proceeds from one point to another point without any delay. c) Provide enough production capacity. d) Reduce material handling costs. e) Reduce hazards to personnel. f) Utilize labour efficiently. g) Increase employee morale. h) Reduce accidents. i) Provide for volume and product flexibility. j) Provide ease of supervision and control. k) Provide for employee safety and health. l) Allow ease of maintenance. m) Allow high machine or equipment utilization. n) Improve productivity. FACTORS INFLUENCING LAYOUT While deciding his factory or unit or establishment or store, a small-scale businessman should keep the following factors in mind: a) Factory building: The nature and size of the building determines the floor space available for layout. While designing the special requirements, e.g. air conditioning, dust control, humidity control etc. must be kept in mind. b) Nature of product: product layout is suitable for uniform products whereas process layout is more appropriate for custom-made products. c) Production process: In assembly line industries, product layout is better. In job order or intermittent manufacturing on the other hand, process layout is desirable. d) Type of machinery: General purpose machines are often arranged as per process layout while special purpose machines are arranged according to product layout. e) Repairs and maintenance: machines should be so arranged that adequate space is available between them for movement of equipment and people required for repairing the machines. f) Human needs: Adequate arrangement should be made for cloakroom, washroom, lockers, drinking water, toilets and other employee facilities, proper provision should be made for disposal of effluents, if any. g) Plant environment: Heat, light, noise, ventilation and other aspects should be duly considered, e.g. paint shops and plating section should be located in another hall so that dangerous fumes can be removed through proper ventilation etc. Adequate safety arrangement should also be made. Thus, the layout should be conducive to health and safety of employees. It should ensure free and efficient flow of men and materials. Future expansion and diversification may also be considered while planning factory layout. DYNAMICS OF PLANT LAYOUT Plant layout is a dynamic rather than a static concept meaning thereby if once done it is not permanent in nature rather improvement or revision in the existing plant layout must be made by keeping a track with development of new machines or equipment, improvements in manufacturing process, changes in materials handling devices etc. But, any revision in layout must be made only when the savings resulting from revision exceed the costs involved in such revision. Revision in plant layout may become necessary on account of the following reasons: a) Increase in the output of the existing product b) Introduction of a new product and diversification c) Technological advancements in machinery, material, processes, product design, fuel etc. d) Deficiencies in the layout unnoticed by the layout engineer in the beginning. APPLICABILITY OF PLANT LAYOUT Plant layout is applicable to all types of industries or plants. Certain plants require special arrangements which, when incorporated make the layout look distinct form the types already discussed above. Applicability of plant layout in manufacturing and service industries is discussed below. In case of the manufacturing of detergent powder, a multi-story building is specially constructed to house the boiler. Materials are stored and poured into the boiler at different stages on different floors. Other facilities are also provided around the boiler at different stations. Another applicability of this layout is the manufacture of talcum powder. Here machinery is arranged vertically i.e. from top to bottom. Thus, material is poured into the first machine at the top and powder comes out at the bottom of the machinery located on the ground floor. Yet another applicability of this layout is the newspaper plant, where the time element is of supreme importance, the accomplishment being gapped in seconds. Here plant layout must be simple and direct so as to eliminate distance, delay and confusion. There must be a perfect coordination of all departments and machinery or equipment, as materials must never fail. Plant layout is also applicable to five star hotels as well. Here lodging, bar, restaurant, kitchen, stores, swimming pool, laundry, shaving saloons, shopping arcades, conference hall, parking areas etc. should all find an appropriate place in the layout. Here importance must be given to cleanliness, elegant appearance, convenience and compact looks, which attract customers. Similarly plant layout is applicable to a cinema hall, where emphasis is on comfort, and convenience of the cinemagoers. The projector, screen, sound box, firefighting equipment, ambience etc. should be of utmost importance. A plant layout applies besides the grouping of machinery, to an arrangement for other facilities as well. Such facilities include receiving and dispatching points, inspection facilities, employee facilities, storage etc. Generally, the receiving and the dispatching departments should be at either end of the plant. The storeroom should be located close to the production, receiving and dispatching centers in order to minimize handling costs. The inspection should be right next to other dispatch department as inspections are done finally, before dispatch. The maintenance department consisting of lighting, safety devices, fire protection, collection and disposal of garbage, scrap etc. should be located in a place which is easily accessible to all the other departments in the plant. The other employee facilities like toilet facilities, drinking water facilities, first aid room, cafeteria etc. This can be a little away from other departments but should be within easy reach of the employees. Hence, there are the other industries or plants to which plant layout is applicable. The importance of a layout would be better appreciated if one understands the influence of an efficient layout on the manufacturing function: it makes it smooth and efficient. Operating efficiencies, such as economies in the cost of handling materials, minimization of production delays and avoidance of bottlenecks all these depend on a proper layout. An ideally laid out plant reduces manufacturing costs through reduced materials handling, reduced personnel and equipment requirements and reduced process inventory. The objectives or advantages of an ideal layout are outlined in the paragraphs that follow. The advantages are common to all the plants, irrespective of age; and whether a plant employs 50 workers or 50,000 makes no difference in so far as the applicability of the plant layout advantages is concerned. Some of these advantages are: Economies in Handling Nearly 30% to 40% of the manufacturing cost is accounted for, by materials handling. Every effort should, therefore, be made to cut down on this cost. Long distance movements should be avoided and specific handling operations must be eliminated. A cynic may say that the cheapest way to handle materials is not to handle them at all. But, in a factory, materials have to be handled; and therefore, it all depends on the layout. Effective Use of Available Area Every inch of the plant area is valuable, especially in urban areas. Efforts should therefore be made to make use of the available area by planning the layout properly. Some steps for achieving this end are: location of equipment and services in order that they may perform multiple functions; development of up-to-date work areas and operator job assignments for a full utilization of the labor force. Minimization of Production Delays Repeat orders and new customers will be the result of prompt execution of orders. Every management should try to keep to the delivery schedules. Often, the deadline dates for delivery of production orders are a bug-a-boo to the management. Plant layout is a significant factor in the timely execution of orders. An ideal layout eliminates such causes of delays as shortage of space, long-distance movements of materials, spoiled work and thus contributes to the speedy execution of orders. Improved Quality Control Timely execution of orders will be meaningful when the quality of the output is not below expectations. To ensure quality, inspection should be conducted at different stages of manufacture. An ideal layout provides for inspection to ensure better quality control. Minimum Equipment Investment Investment on equipment can be minimized by planned machine balance and location, minimum handling distances, by the installation of general purpose machines and by planned machine loading. A good plant layout provides all these advantages. Avoidance of Bottlenecks Bottlenecks refer to any place in a production process where materials tend to pile up or are produced at a speed, less rapid than the previous or subsequent operations. Bottlenecks are caused by inadequate machine capacity, inadequate storage space or low speed on part of the operators. The results of bottlenecks are delays in productions schedules, congestion, accidents and wastage of floor area. All these may be overcome with an efficient layout. Better Production Control Production Control is concerned with the production of the product of the right type, at the right time and at a reasonable cost. A good plant layout is a requisite for good production control and provides the production control officers with a systematic basis upon which to build organization and procedures. Better Supervision A good plant layout ensures better supervision in two ways: 1. Determining the number of workers to be handled by a supervisor and 2. Enabling the supervisor to get a full view of the entire plant at one glance. A good plant layout is, therefore, the first step to good supervision. Improved Utilization of Labor Labor is paid for every hour it spends in the factory. The efficiency of a management lies in utilizing the time for productive purpose. A good plant layout is one of the factors in effective utilization of labor. It makes possible individual operations, the process and flow of materials handling in such a way that the time of each worker is effectively spent on productive operations. Improved Employee Morale Employee morale is achieved when workers are cheerful and confident. This state of mental condition is vital to the success of any organization. Morale depends on: (a) Better working condition; (b) Better employee facilities; (c) Reduced number of accidents; (d) Increased earnings. Plant layout has a bearing on all these. Avoidance of unnecessary and costly changes. A planned layout avoids frequent changes which are difficult and costly. The incorporation of flexibility elements in the layout would help in the avoidance of revisions.

Essay --

With reference to one or two stars, discuss the ways in which they embody a star image. Draw on relevant academic reading in order to illustrate your answer and develop your argument. Christian Bale is increasingly becoming the biggest star in Hollywood from his phenomenal take on DC’s caped crusader or by portraying a man that hasn’t slept for a year in Brad Anderson’s The Machinist. However, Bale isn't only getting attention through his portrayal of these iconic characters but he is also being talked about due to his extreme weight loss for The Machinist and his rant on set of Terminator Salvation which he again plays a reboot of an iconic character John Connor. Christian Bale being able to embody a certain character and change physically just to get into a part is what I am going to explore within this essay. Christian Bale was born in Pembrokeshire, Wales on January 30th 1974 and found fame at the age of 13 after getting the part in Steven Spielberg's 1987 film Empire of the Sun. Although being born and brought up in the United Kingdom, almost all of Bale’s roles are American Characters. Due to this, within Bale’s films he uses a very realistic American accent to correctly portray his characters and to make the role as realistic as possible. Bale explains that Bruce Wayne/Batman is a very iconic American figure so fans of the franchise may have a hard time understanding why he is speaking with an English accent in interviews; so for Batman interviews he only uses an  American accent. His commitment to his roles causes him to remain in character almost constantly during the filming process and goes as far as using whatever accent he is using for that particular film in his interviews. Doing this causes him to completely embody ... ...ts himself that during the rant he was â€Å"half John Connor† and â€Å"half Christian Bale† showing the extent of how he gets in to characters for his films however, this is a clear example of how is not always a good thing. Bale won his very first Oscar for Best Supporting Actor after playing Dicky Eklund the brother and coach to boxer â€Å"Irish† Mickey Ward in David O. Russell’s The Fighter. The Oscar was received after Bale again dropped an enormous amount of weight to play the role receiving both praise and criticism for his ever changing weight as critics refer to it as his â€Å"trademark weight loss†. However, Bale hit back at critics illustrating that the weight loss is a vital part of the filming process as he is trying to embody the character of a crack cocaine addict saying â€Å"I don’t know about you, but I’ve never seen a welterweight with any fat on him - or a crack head†.

Making Dreams Come True :: Teaching Education Careers Teachers Essays

Making Dreams Come True â€Å"What do you want to be when you grow up,† asked the second grade teacher. Little boys and girls raised their hands with enthusiasm and responded with, â€Å"ballerina, football player, princess, race car driver† as the teacher wrote the dreams on the board. One little girl in the middle of the room had different dreams: she said, â€Å"I want to be a teacher when I grow up!† I was that little girl. When I was eight years old, I realized what I wanted to do for the rest of my life. I wanted to teach. In Mrs. White’s second grade class I made a discovery. If my peers were having trouble with their work and Mrs. White was busy, I would help. The joy I experienced from helping others, especially my friends, was amazing. I felt very good about myself while I was helping and even better when the classmate received a good grade. I concluded that teaching was the job for me. I believe that like my peers in second grade, all students want to learn. Some may rebel and act out, they may skip school a lot, but I feel that deep down they want to succeed just like the excellent students. Students want responsibility, work (yes, I said work), encouragement, support, and a mentor. The rebelling students try to deny themselves these values because of low self-esteem. They may believe they cannot succeed and therefore act as though they do not care. My job as a teacher will be to make all students want to learn and broaden their knowledge base. Relative knowledge is the only true knowledge because it is dependent on the person and the environment. Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences show that knowledge is different for different people. There is no set guide for being a knowledgeable person and there should not be. I do agree with essentialists that in mastering the basic core subjects is very important, but that is not all a child needs to learn. The basics are a strong foundation for children to broaden knowledge to fit their interests.

Fiction Vs. Non-Fiction Essay

Literary form of writing is held to be exemplary because it is noticed due to its imaginary nature while others less straightforward forms try to cover their fictionality. The logic here is antirealist, skeptical and pragmatist. A complex case for this line of consideration might run as follows. At first a more or less common stand is set up starting with uncomplicated design of fiction, in both its description and object senses. According to this suggestion a patent divide subsists between imaginative literature, when defined in expressions of fiction creation and other conversations whose intention is not creation but description. Imaginative literature builds imaginary worlds which, although no doubt drawn from features of the existent world, are nonetheless explicitly constructs of the brain. The non-fiction, more ‘serious’ literature is not concerned with imaginary units but with the actual thing. They are evaluated not in terms of imagination but in terms of reality or association with the reality. Fiction versus fact becomes the crucial characteristic that marks off imaginative literature (Lamarque & Olsen 172). Despite there being multiple literary ‘genres’ it appears a bit odd that writing is essentially separated into just two large categories: non-fiction and fiction. Contemporary writers sometimes get a bit of information from each of these groups and form â€Å"historical science fiction† or â€Å"historical fiction† (Heller, 123). Works cited Heller, Clark Von. ESL Doxography 101. West Conshohocken: Buy Books on the web, 2006. Lamarque, Peter, Olsen, Stein Haugom. Truth, fiction, and literature: a philosophical perspective. New York:   Oxford University Press, 1996

Reflective statement †IRS Essay

After finishing my research project and finally submitting my report, it is necessary that I write a reflective statement on what I have gained from my study. My tutor helped me to change the topic of my research which was â€Å"The link between employee satisfaction and service quality in the hotel industry† to â€Å"How to increase employee retention at the Blue tree hotels†. This helped me be more specific, to focus on a situation on ground, rather than being too general. The broadness of my topic would not help me narrow down to a specific case. This would not help me to draw clear lessons from the project. Being more specific in the project topic statement helped me come up with concise hypothesis for the research. It ultimately made me learn a lot from the project. My methodology was to carry out a filed survey, and sample some of the industries to get information from them. On the advice from my tutor, I changed it to comparative method, which I performed, selecting international hotel chains, such as Marriott, and also using different kinds of case studies in the hospitality industry in order to analyze, compare and opt for the best system and attitude used by them. I got these findings with the intention of implementing them at the Blue Tree Hotels and as a consequence meet the company’s goal. On presenting my idea my tutor, the feedback was negative, but it was helpful as I need pressure to work better. Her guidance led me to the above-discussed process which finally gave me success. At this point I was able to carryout my research with ease and also became considerably successful. The whole process has imparted in me skills and knowledge that are necessary for working on projects, and managing employees for a successful organization or a company. Since the choice of this research project made me to research on employee retention and job satisfaction, it made focus on specific parts of Human Resource management. The ‘employee’ is a very important aspect in an organization, company or institution (Henriques and Sadorsky 199). There are several principles about job satisfaction and retention that I have learned from this project. Furthermore, I have also gained skills in project management, especially in terms of research in order to meet a certain objective. On project management, I was able to sharpen my skills on research. The first thing was the ability to plan my research project (Kumar, 2005). From the topic that my tutor recommended I was able to come up with a research problem. The formulated problem was that the high turn over of employees in various companies has become very expensive. This is fundamentally because the organization or the company loses knowledge and resource they have invested in equipping these people in favor of their competitors (Ramlall, 2003). I was also able to design a model that fit my research project well. I chose on secondary research, which would led me to visit various websites to collect information about how various hotels and hospitality industries had succeeded in maintaining their employees. Secondly, I studied how these companies had achieved their overall goals, based on the principle of employee retention and satisfaction. I chose the highly trusted online data base sites such us Emerald and Ebsco. This formed a good basis of data collection. After identifying this method, I chose the samples to study. These were the best performing companies in this industry. They are Marriot, and Four Seasons. This ultimately led to my writing of the proposal that was accepted by my tutor after following her guidance. In the second step, conducting the study, I was successful in collecting the data from various websites, and studied the data in comparison (Kumar, 2005). I also used books to learn how these companies had applied specific principles in managing this vital resource in the companies. This was in the process of data processing to make them clear during presentation. After successful processing of data, I wrote the report that would easily help in the implementation phase of the project. The report had a very clear explanation on facts about employee retention, loyalty and satisfaction. The aspect I gained through this project is the way to conduct a research and not only stop at the research level but write a report that has conclusions that have clarity and teams can use them to conduct the implementation stage of the project. As I mentioned earlier, I have also come to appreciate the importance of taking care of employees in an organization. Retaining them goes along with how satisfied they are. This becomes a good basis of quality efficient service for the company, institution or organization. In order to maintain competitive advantage, companies have to do all their best to retain the employees they have (Ans and Meganck, 2009). This is because if an organization loses an employee, the quality of the service delivered will be greatly affected, decrease on the efficiency of the service delivery and as a consequence lose guests in addition to profits (Ramlall, 2003). Again, It is clear that in hospitality business, success comes from the loyal employees, since they are committed and trustworthy. This will increase organization’s profitability alongside customer loyalty (Villares and Coelho, 2003). Finally, I learned that increased job satisfaction leads to decreased turnover rates (Smith and Rupp, 2002). From the study I found out that competitive schemes of paying employees, diverse programs of employee motivation, training and reward plans would be very effective in retaining the employees in an organization. Emphatically, such things as opportunities that the companies give in terms of professional growth of the employees also matter. Mutual and hierarchical recognition also are very important in the organization. Lastly the social fabric must be constructed in to encourage teamwork and so cordial relationships among all the workers. This project has made me set for my future career as a manager; for I definitely know that the whole picture of an organization is seen in its employees. Four Seasons rightly confess that, â€Å"Our greatest asset, and the key to our success, is our people† (Four Seasons, 2010). In addition to this I have gained knowledge and skills in research, which will greatly help in project management. This has also sharpened my critic ability, and I will be able to analyze situations keenly, consequently coming up with well judged conclusions.