Impact Of The Social Class On Life Sociology Essay

Impact Of The Social Class On Life Sociology Essay Social class in todays society is changing. Material factors still govern lifestyle choices and that these are class related. Class identity has come to depend not only on market situation but on differences and similarities in power and status, as well as consumption and lifestyle. Social mobility describes the movement or opportunities for movement between different social groups and the pros and the cons that come with it, example income and wealth, housing, education and health. Opportunities for social mobility are one aspect of an individuals life chances. The traditionalists believe that New Labour politicians have abandoned their commitment to equality and social justice for those who are exploited by organisation of capitalism, (the working class). They believe that New Labour has betrayed its working class roots because it has done nothing to redistribute wealth and income from the rich to the poor, nor address the fundamental flaws that they see as inherent in the capitalist system. Giddens and Diamond (2005), however, argues that the arguments of the traditionalists are both simplistic and misguided because of their instances that equality of outcome and equality of opportunity are somehow vastly different objectives. They argue that the promotion of equality opportunity requires greater material and it is impossible for individuals to achieve their full potential if social and economic starting-points are unequal. Giddens and Diamond argue that since 1997, New Labours policies on social exclusion lowered levels of poverty among children and elderly which have put a stop in further rise in income inequality. They however accept the fact that there is still a long way to go in reducing inequalities of opportunity. They note that the life-chances of individuals today are still influenced by their parents economic and social position. Bottero (2005) suggest that social inequalities are written on the body and hierarchy makes you sick. She notes that if illness was chance occurrence, we would expect to see rate of morbidity (illness and diseases) and mortality (death) randomly distribute across the population. Statistics from the Department of Health shows that the working class experience an overproportionate amount of illness. Over the last 30 years the health across the population has improved but the rate of improvement for working class is much slower. The working class experience poor mortality rate and morbidity rate than the middle class. For example, 3500 working class babies would survive per year if the working class mortality rate was reduced to the middle class level. Babies born to professional fathers have levels of infant mortality half that of babies born to unskilled manual fathers. The death rates between 1972 and 1997 shows that, the death rate for the professionals fell by 44 per cent but fell only by 10 per cent for the unskilled. Bartley et al. (1996) note that men in social class 1 (using the old RG scale) had two-thirds the chance of dying between 1986 and 1989 compared with the male population as a whole. Unskilled manual workers were one-third likely to die compared with male population as a whole. Men in social class V were twice likely to die before men in social class 1 despite NHs providing free health to all. However, Bottero note that: There is strong socio-economic gradient to almost all patterns of diseases and ill-health. The lower your socio-economic position, the greater your risk of low birth weight, infections, cancer, coronary heart disease, respiratory diseases, stroke, accidents, nervous and mental illness. She point out that there are specific occupational hazards linked to particular manual jobs which increases the risk of accidental injury, exposure to toxic materials, pollution and many more. Poor people are more likely to live in areas in which there are more hazards, such as traffic and pollution, and less safe area to play. Consequently, poor children are more likely to be run over and suffer asthma. Some studies have suggested that there are health gradient, in that at every level of social hierarchy, there are health differences. Marmot et al (1991) have suggested that social positions may be blamed for these differences. They conducted a study on civil servant working in Whitehall and concluded that the cause of ill health was being lower in the hierarchy. Those low in the hierarchy had less social control over their working condition, greater stress and greater feeling of self esteem. These psychological factors lead to behaviour such as smoking and drinking, poor eating habits and inactivity resulting in greater level of depression, high blood pressure, increase in susceptibility to infection and build-up of cholesterol. Wilkinson (1996), argue that health gradient is caused by income inequality. This is because it undermines social cohesion in the sense that we all have valued equally by society which affirms our sense of belonging to society. Inequalities also disrupt social cohesion because it undermines self-esteem, dignity, trust and cooperation and increases feelings of insecurity, envy, hostility and inferiority, which lead to stress. Wilkinson notes that egalitarian societies have a strong community life, in that strong social ties and networks exist in the wider society to support their members. These members have access to social and psychological support from other members in the community which helps them to stay healthy. Although there has been increase in income, employment and educational attainment that have been occurred in the United Kingdom, there has also been a long-term increase in the health of the population. There is still strong relationship between how long people live and their background. Over the 1990s, the gap between most advantaged and most disadvantaged has narrowed. This is because there have been greater improvements in mortality at younger ages for those from unskilled manual background. The rate of premature death have fallen for all social classes over the past 30 years but the gap has widened relatively for men and the improvement were greater for men at the professional and managerial end of the spectrum. Between 1986 and 1992 the death rate for men in the skilled and unskilled manual groups was 69 per cent greater than professional and managerial men. While between 1997 and 1999 the rate was 75 per cent greater than for the professions. On the other hand, the improvements in the death rate for women were greater for skilled and unskilled manual groups than professional and managerial women. This made the percentage difference in the rate smaller by the end of the 1990s. Men in partly-skilled and unskilled occupation were five and a half times more likely to die from respiratory diseases than professionals and managerial between the period of 1986 to 1999. The levels of ischaemic heart diseases declined for all social groups whereas the fall was small for manual workers. Smoking is the major cause of death rate in the manual group compared with those in the non-manual group. A third of people in a routine or manual household were current smokers. This has changed over the past five years and compares with less than 19 per cent of the people in managerial or professional households. A major review of health inequalities by BBC news health correspondent Jane Dreaper says that NHS should spend more money illness than the current four per cent it is spending. More money should be spent on providing help for people to stop smoking. Report by epidemiologist Sir Marmot, also says that every child should be given the best of start in life. Every child needs to be nurtured at an early stage. Some mothers from less well-off families who do not cuddle or talk to their children makes the children develop behavioural and cognitive problems when they are three years of age. These children have less readiness to learn and the problem continues. The current review of minimum wage of  £5.80 an hour by then mayor of London Ken Livingstone and continued by Boris Johnson is below the level needed for a healthy life. It is calculated that Londoners need an hourly wage 16% higher than the national minimum rate to lift them above poverty. Minimum income should allow people to consume healthy diet, take exercises and have access to technology such as broadband that enable them to maintain social network. In conclusion, the diversity of social groups such as unemployed, single mothers and the asylum-seekers are socially excluded from the mainstream society which makes them experience social and economic deprivation. Certain diseases shows differences among people from different socio-economic background.

Pragmatic Literary Criticism :: Literature Essays Literary Criticism

Pragmatic Literary Criticism      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pragmatic criticism is concerned, first and foremost, with the ethical impact any literary text has upon an audience. Regardless of art's other merits or failings, the primary responsibility or function of art is social in nature. Assessing, fulfilling, and shaping the needs, wants, and desires of an audience should be the first task of an artist. Art does not exist in isolation; it is a potent tool for individual as well as communal change. Though pragmatic critics believe that art houses the potential for massive societal transformation, art is conspicuously ambivalent in its ability to promote good or evil. The critical project of pragmatic criticism is to establish a moral standard of quality for art. By establishing artistic boundaries based upon moral/ethical guidelines, art which enriches and entertains, inspires and instructs a reader with knowledge of truth and goodness will be preserved and celebrated, and art which does not will be judged inferior, caution ed against, and (if necessary) destroyed. Moral outrage as well as logical argument have been the motivating forces behind pragmatic criticism throughout history. The tension created between this emotional and intellectual reaction to literature has created a wealth of criticism with varying degrees of success. Ironically, much like art's capacity to inspire diligence or decadence in a reader, pragmatic criticism encompasses both redemptive and destructive qualities.  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Plato provides a foundational and absolute argument for pragmatic criticism. Excluding poetry from his ideal Republic, Plato attempts to completely undermine the power and authority of art. He justifies his position by claiming that "the power which poetry has of harming even the good (and there are very few who are not harmed) is surely an awful thing" (28). Because artists claim their imitations can speak to the true nature of things, circumventing the need for serious, calmly considered intellectual inquiry, art should not be pursued as a valuable endeavor. Art widens the gap between truth and the world of appearances, ironically by claiming to breach it. The artist promotes false images of truth and goodness by appealing to basic human passions, indulging "the irrational nature which has no discernment of greater and less, but thinks the same thing at one time great and at another small" (27). Art manufactures moral ambiguity, and to P lato this is unacceptable. Because it is deceptive and essentially superficial, all art must be controlled and delegitmized for all time.

Domestic Violence: Loopholes in the Arizona Legal System Essay

The United States has a long history of domestic violence. Nearly six million American women will be battered by their spouses every year (United Way, 1998). Tradition gives men the right to control their family including their wife. Violence is tolerated under these traditional conditions as discipline (Cohen, 1996). Domestic violence is overwhelmingly committed by men ".. to discipline and coerce women" (Cohen, 1996). "Husbands use violence against their wives as a way of coercing them, establishing control, and conveying rules to regulate 'proper' female behavior (Dobash & Dobash, 1977-1978)." This type of abusive behavior often comes from the ideology that women are subordinate to men (Cohen, 1996). This way of thinking was dominant until the feminist movements when women protested for equal rights and got them. It has still been a struggle to get women's issues recognized by law, however. Domestic violence is a serious issue that needs to be thoroughly addressed, especially in border states like Arizona which have a large Mexican immigrant population, often with traditional views. To have an effective legal system which thoroughly addresses domestic violence, abusers must be held accountable by law for their a ctions and all victims need to be able to receive aid and support from the state. Currently, these requirements for an effective legal system regarding domestic violence are not met in Arizona. Every year there is some 16,000 domestic violence charges filed in the Tucson Police Department and Pima County Sheriff's Office combined (United Way, 1998). The state does have punishment for these abusers. There are many laws is Arizona regarding domestic violence, however there are problems with the... ... Social Policy, and Violence, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 70, No. 5, 1996. Moore, Roberta. Advocate for the Oasis Crisis Center, University of Arizona, 1999. Neff, James; Holamon, Bruce; Schluter, Tracy. Spousal Violence Among Alglos, Blacks, and Mexican Americans, Journal of Family Violence, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1995. Vargas, Alexia. Split Decision, Wall Street Journal, Vol. CCXXII, Nove. 18, 1998. Wabnik, Alisa. Bill Proposes Prison for 3rd Offense, Arizona Daily Star, March 16, 1998. http://www.azstarnet.com/plusb-cgi/fastw... National Research Council. Lack of Research Hampers Strategies to Stem Violence Against Women. May 1, 1996. http://www.nap.edu/bookstore/lsbn/0309054257.htm. United Way of Greater Tucson. Special Report on Domestic Violence, 1998. http://www.unitedwaytucson.org/unitedway/report/domestic.htm.

Civil engineering (outline) :: essays research papers

Civil Engineer I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A construction engineer can plan, design, and build any thing from roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, bridges, dams, and water systems all over the world. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Job Information A. Pay 1. In Idaho they get paid $17.50 to $41.88 2. Nationally they get paid $19.65 to $44.24 B. Special requirements 1. Bachelor’s degree in civil engineering 2. Engineering license a. 4 years as an engineer in training b. Pass the professional engineer exam C. Employment 1. About 228,000 work as civil engineers in Nationally 2. About 1,180 civil engineers work III. Preparations A. Complete a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering 1. A lot get a master’s degree B. Have strong observational skills C. Be creative IV. Specific Activities A. Plan, design, and build 1. Roads 2. Buildings 3. Airports, 4. Tunnels 5. Bridges 6. Dams 7. Water systems B. Test for strength 1. Soil 2. Materials C. Conduct studies 1. Traffic patterns 2. Environmental conditions V. Work conditions A. Physical 1. Work both indoors and outdoors 2. Exposed to contaminants 3. Exposed to very hot or cold weather 4. Exposed to hazardous equipment A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hours/ travel 1. Usually work standard 40-hour weeks 2. May work longer to meet deadlines 3. Travel a lot to get to work sites B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interpersonal relationships 1. Deal with external costumers or associates 2. Sometimes placed in a conflict situation VI. Common Activities A. Think creatively B. Use computers C. Provide information 1. Devices 2. Equipment 3. Structures D. Estimate 1. Size 2. Time 3. Cost 4. Quantities 5. Materials needed VII. Skills and abilities A. Use math and science 1. Choose a mathematical method 2. Use math skills to solve problems

Stages of Social Development Essay

Social development plays a significant role in the success of student achievement. Social development involves learning values for children, along with knowledge and skills children will need to relate to others. It is important children contribute positive attitudes to their peers, family members, school and community. As I learn more about social development, I must understand the various stages and the affects it has on children. Erik Erickson developed eight main stages of social development. The first stage of social development is trust verse mistrust. This usually occurs in infancy and children develop bonding and attachments with parents and family members. Children begin to trust parents, have a sense of security, and feel love and affection. If a child experiences mistrust, they will feel insure and unsure of themselves. The second stage of social development is autonomy verses shame and doubt. This stage occurs during early childhood. Children begin to understand self-maintenance such as toilet training and discover their own will. If children are restrained, they will develop a sense of shame and doubt within themselves. Stage three occurs during early school years. Initiative verses guilt. This stage is about purpose. Children will begin to create their social groups, form friendships, have academic successes, and challenge themselves. If children begin to feel uncomfortable or experience guilt, they will become anxious. School age children experience industry verses inferiority during stage four. In this stage, children develop social competence and friendship networks. Children learn more formal skills of life. Some of the skills may include, â€Å"relating with peers according to rules, progressing from free play to play that may be elaborately structured by rules, and mastering social studies, reading, and arithmetic.† (www.childdevelopmentinfo.com) As I take a further look at Erikson’s stages of social development, children will experience identity verses identity confusion. This is stage five and occurs during adolescence. Children will discover who they are, what they are about, and where they are going in life. Children will also explore loyalty with their peers. As children become young adults, they will experience intimacy verses isolation. Young adults will experience falling in love, maintaining the friendships they have formed, and discover who they truly are. This is known as stage six. Stage seven examines generativity verses stagnation.  Adults will lead useful lives, and may begin to create families of their own. In this stage, individuals are in their middle adult hood. Erikson’s last stage of social development is integrity verses despair. This stage takes place in late adulthood and adults begin to reflect and evaluate what they have done in their lives. Reflecting can have a positive affect or ne gative affect, depending on an individual’s life experiences. The roles of social development will play a part in how I teach. I will create a safe, warm and inviting atmosphere for my students. Students will begin to open up and trust me. Bonds will be created and I will challenge students academically. I will praise students for academic success and uplift them socially. My classroom environment will be culturally appropriate for all students and I will encourage students to be independent. I will be attentive to student needs, promote consistent structure during individual time and play, as well as hold children accountable for responsible conduct. References http://childdevelopmentinfo.com/child-development/erickson/ http://www.tkcalifornia.org/teaching-tools/social-emotional/teaching-strategies/ http://www3.uakron.edu/witt/adol/selfidentity.htm

Rabindranath Tagore’s Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech Essay

I was an obscure mortal in those days. My name was hardly hunch outside my own province, but I was quite content with that obscurity, which protected me from the rarity of crowds. And then came a time when my nucleus felt a longing to enumerate out of that solitude and do rough work for my fellow bes, and not hardly translate shape to my dreams and meditate profoundly on the problems of lifetime, but try to give expression to my ideas through some explicit work, definitive service.The one thing, the one work, which came to my mental capacity was to teach children. It was not because I was especially suited for this work of teaching, for I halt not had myself the intact benefit of a regular education. For some time I hesitated, but I felt that as I had a deep heat for nature, I had naturally love for children also. My bearing in starting this institution, Shanti Niketan, was to give children full license of blessedness, of life and of communion with nature. I mysel f had suffered when I was young, the impediments which were inflicted upon most boys at enlighten and I have had to go through the machine of education which crushes the comfort and freedom of life for which children have such unsatiable thirst. My objective was to give freedom and jubilate to children.So, I had a few boys approximately me, and I taught them, and I tried to rent them happy as their playmate and companion. I shared their life, and I felt that I was the biggest child of the party. And we all grew up in concert in this atmosphere of freedom.The vigour and joy of children, their chats and songs filled the air with a tactile property of delight, which I drank every day I was there. In the evening, at sunset, I oftentimes apply to sit alone, watching the trees of the shadow avenue and in the silence of the afternoon, I could hear distinctly voices of children in the air, and it seemed to me that these shouts and songs and sprightly voices were like those trees, which come out from the breast of the earth like fountains of life towards the heart and soul of the infinite sky. And it symbolised, it brought before my mind, the whole telephone call of hu homo life all expressions of joy and aspirations of men rising from the heart of existence up to this sky. I knew that we also, the grown-up children, send up our cries of aspiration to the Infinite.In this atmosphere, I used to write my poems Gitanjali, and I sang them to myself at midnight under the glorious stars. In the early(a) morning and afternoon glow of sunset, I used to write these songs till a day came when I felt impel to come out once over again and meet the heart of the large world.I could see that my coming out from the seclusion of life among these joyful children and doing my service was hardly a prelude to my pilgrimage to a larger world. I felt a great desire to come in touch with people of the westmost, for I was advised that the present age belongs to the Wester n man with his superabundance of energy.I felt that I must, before I die, come to the West and meet the man of the secret enclose where the Divine presence has his dwelling, his temple. And I thought that the Divine man with all his powers and aspirations of life is dwelling in the West. And so I came out. After Gitanjali had been written in Bengali, I translated those poems into English, without having any desire to have them published, being diffident of my mastery of that language, but I had the manuscript with me when I came out to the West. And you know that the British public, when these poems were put before them, and those who had the luck of reading them in manuscript before, clear of them. I was accepted, and the heart of the West opened without delay.

Disadvantages of Using Cell Phone in School Essay

Mobile phones enable children and parents to remain in touch.For me, not giving a phone is the personal best solution. Having a phone opens up the opportunity good for others to do bad things.We want to minimise the risk factors. Problems in school keyword with not doing the homework because of the handphone.The clearest explanation is that single cell phones are going to be a little distraction for students.Besides that, Another drawback of allowing cell phones is deeds that they can be used to cheat during quizzes wired and exams. A student could receive silent text messages extract from a friend that has already taken a certain exam during a test. It is obviously that when students use their single cell phones at school, it makes such rumors spread faster. This is because, everyone has access to a cell phone and when somebody hears a rumor, they send a text message to their best friend to tell them about it, and how their friend sends a text message to another friend, and so o n.

Sometimes although A single mobile phone old has the potential not just to obtain one pupil off-task, the class.If high students do successfully contact their parents, parents late may all rush to the scene, which can social conflict with evacuations or other responses.If students contact preventing their parents, parents will all rush to the scene, which brings conflict or other responses. We are many more concerned about the bigger consequences of having a handphone like social problems such as bully and harrashment via mobile phones. Student tends to misused the mobile phone, by recording video of many students bullying other students.When they are misused, they become hazardous.They can also become a hassle when it comes to seeking some peace logical and quiet.

It is a technology that is not missing letter from our lives.Almost everybody has a cell phone.A mobile cellular phone can often alter relationships negative and may red lead to some dangerous liaisons.These days, it is one of the issues in Afghanistan.

Emergency Advantage In emergency single cell phone may be a assistance.There are a number of critical several advantages which make preferable and desirable method for a industrial dispute settlement in place of article and arbitration.Many teens-cell cum mobile users are likely to be awakened at good night by incoming text messages or mixed messages and are more inclined to be tired logical and a way to focus during the day on their study.Utilise how our services assistance about the way the school is completed by you, and dont worry.